Motherboard Parts and Functions: going to Know Your Hardware

Motherboard Parts and Functions: going to Know Your Hardware 

The motherboard is one among the preeminent significant pieces of the PC, 

Motherboard Basics 

A PC has a numerous parts, each with their own jobs and capacities. The job of the motherboard is to allow of these parts to talk with each other . Considering the very actuality that every one the contrary parts are introduced on the motherboard or associated thereto , it's protected to specify that the motherboard is that the focal bit of the PC, the segment that unites everything. 

Processor Socket 

The processor attachment is that the focal bit of a motherboard, as a rule being situated close to the center of the motherboard. It is additionally a focal piece since it hold processor – the mind of your PC. 

Force Connectors 

No PC segment can work without power, and a motherboard isn't any exemption. The force connector, usually a 20 or 24-pin connector, are frequently arranged either close to the best possible edge of the motherboard, or some place near the very edge of the processor attachment on more established motherboards. This is the place the office gracefully's primary connector gets appended, giving capacity to the motherboard and each one the contrary segments. 

Motherboard Parts and Functions

Fresher motherboards have a further 4-pin or 8-pin connector close to the processor, wont to flexibly extra power on to the processor. 

Memory Slots 

Situated inside the upper-right a piece of the motherboard, the memory openings are wont to house the PC's memory modules. The quantity of spaces can shift, relying on motherboard, from 2, in low-end motherboards, all the high to eight memory openings, on very good quality and gaming motherboards. 

It is imperative to give close consideration to the kind of memory a motherboard bolsters, to search for the worthy memory modules. THE more up to date motherboards bolster the DDR3 memory, the current business of standard memory design, however motherboards with DDR2 memory openings and even DDR1 memory spaces are as yet present available. A fascinating perspective is that there are some more established motherboard models that bolstered varying sorts of memory, and regularly go with two DDR1 memory spaces and a few DDR2 memory slots,or 2 DDR2 openings and 2 DDR3 spaces. These motherboards were extraordinary choices for people that needed to redesign a motherboard without overhauling all the contrary segments likewise . 

The quantity of memory spaces ought to be a urgent model to require viable while picking a motherboard, in light of the fact that it will decide the most extreme measure of memory you'll introduce. You may choose to take a web course to discover video altering or take in 3d displaying and rendering from this online course – does one really should be constrained by your motherboard all the while? 

Video Card Slot 

This is the kind of opening that needn't bother with a proof , as its name doesn't leave a lot of space for translation on what its job is. Coming quite close to a PCI-Express opening on more up to date motherboards or AGP on more established ones, the video card space is arranged right underneath the processor. 

It isn't phenomenal for more seasoned motherboards, particularly individuals who focus on the workplace section, to do not have this space, implying that you basically won't be prepared to introduce a discrete video card, accordingly accepting the incorporated one. At the other post, top of the line gaming motherboards go with numerous video card spaces, permitting the establishment of various video cards during a SLI or CrossFire setup. 

Extension Slots 

Extensions have the job of letting you put in extra parts to strengthen or grow the usefulness of your PC. You can introduce a TV tuner, a video catch card, a superior soundcard, and so forth – you get the thought. These ports are situated under the video card opening, and are accessible inside the kind of PCI spaces (on more seasoned motherboards) or a downsized adaptation of PCI-Express spaces (on fresher motherboards). Some motherboards go with the two sorts of development spaces. The quantity of spaces is typically excited to the arrangement of the motherboard – bigger motherboards (full ATX) have more, while littler organizations (miniaturized scale ATX) have less, assuming any. 

IDE and SATA Ports 

IDE and SATA ports are wont to give availability to the capacity gadgets and optical drives. The IDE interface is to some degree obsolete, so you shouldn't be astounded on the off chance that you see huge amounts of most recent motherboards coming without this kind of port. It was supplanted by the littler and far quicker SATA interface, which right now arrived at its third correction, being able to acknowledge most extreme paces of up to 600 MB/s, rather than the IDE interface, which may arrive at a limit of 133 MB/s. 

It isn't unprecedented for producers to fuse SATA ports of different corrections, similar to two SATA2 ports and two SATA3 ports. Considering the very truth that the dominant part optical drives available go with a SATA connector, and these gadgets aren't transmission capacity hungry, utilizing a SATA2 port for an optical drive is entirely satisfactory. Indeed, most mechanical hard drives can't accomplish SATA3 speeds due to mechanical restrictions, so except if you intend to utilize numerous superior strong state drives in your PC, which can favorable position of the upper velocities of SATA3, a blend of SATA2 and SATA3 shouldn't make a big deal about a distinction. In case you're not familiar with the contrasts between old style hard drives and strong state drives, assess this PC fundamentals online course – you would conceivably decide some all the more intriguing data about PCs en route. 

Profiles Chip and Battery 

The BIOS chip contains the basic code expected to require your PC through the boot procedure, up to the reason where the OS dominates. Since the BIOS code is put away on a chip that needs consistent capacity to work, A battery is also present to remain the chip fueled when the pc is unplugged. 

Northbridge and Southbridge 

On the off chance that you have a look at your motherboard, probability is that you'll see a square metal segment some place inside the lower-right a piece of the board. This metal segment is actually a heatsink, and its job is to gracefully warm insurance for the Northbridge – one among the premier significant parts of a motherboard. The northbridge is subject for organizing the information stream between the memory, the video card and in this way the processor. An optional chip, alluded to as Southbridge, highlights a comparable capacity, organizing the data stream between the processor and peripherals like sound cards or system cards. 

Front Panel Connectors, USB Headers and Audio Header 

The front board connector is the place all the climate present on the facade of your case are associated. Force button, press button , power drove, sound connectors and USB connectors – they're completely associated with the front board or the comparing headers. 

Back Connectors 

These connectors are the scaffold between the outside of your PC and in this way within. The name might be somewhat deceptive, in light of the fact that the connectors are actually situated on the left edge of the motherboard; nonetheless, since these connectors are open from the surface , the name essentially infers where they're available from – the back of the PC case. Outside peripherals like console, mouse, screen, speakers at that point on are completely associated by means of these connectors. 

So there you have it, the pieces of the motherboard and their capacities, clarified.
Motherboard Parts and Functions: going to Know Your Hardware --@kdlearners,#KDLEARNERS

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Water Demand

Water Demand

water demand

Whenever an engineer is given the duty to style a water system scheme for a specific section of the community it becomes imperative upon him/her, to first consider the demand, then the second requirement is to seek out sources to satisfy that demand.

It is very difficult to exactly assess the number of water demanded by the general public , since there are many variable factors affecting water consumption.

The various sort of water demands, which a city may have, could also be weakened into the subsequent classes:-

(1) Domestic water demand(2) Industrial water demand(3) Institution and commercial water demand(4) Demand for Public use(5) Fire demand(6) Water required to compensate losses in wastes and theft.

 so as to estimate, as correctly as possible, the entire water demand, of these demands must be considered and suitable provision made, depending upon the requirements of these people for whom the water system scheme is to be designed.

Domestic Water Demand

This includes the water required in residential buildings for drinking, cooking, bathing lawn sprinkling gardening sanitary purpose etc. the quantity of domestic water consumption per person shall vary consistent with the living conditions of the consumers.
As per IS:1172-1993, the minimum domestic consumption for a town or a city with full flushing system should be taken at 200 l/h/d ; although it are often reduced to 135 l/h/d for economically weaker sections.

water supply demand 

Industrial Water Demand 

The industrial water demand is represent the water demand of the  industries,, which is either the  existing or are likely to be started in future, within the city that water system is being planned. This quantity will thus vary with the amount and sort of industries present within the city. the standard per capita consumption on account of commercial needs of a city is usually taken as 50 liters/person/day.

Institutional and Commercial Water Demand 

The water requirements of institutions like hospitals hotels schools, colleges, railway stations, offices etc. should even be assessed. the amount will definitely vary with the character of the town and with the number of economic establishments. On a mean a per capita demand of 20 l/h/d is typically considered.

Demand for Public Use

This includes the number of water required for utility purposes like watering of public parks, washing and sprinkling on roads, use publicly fountains etc. for many of the water system schemes in India, these needs aren't believed as essentials, and a figure of 10 l/h/d is typically added on this account.

Fire Demand 

In thickly populated and industrial areas, fires generally escape and results in serious damages, if not controlled effectively. Therefore, a provision should be made in water system scheme for fighting fires. 

Water Required to the  Compensate Losses in Thefts and  the Wastes 

water demand

This includes the water lost in leakage thanks to bad plumbing or damaged meters, stolen water thanks to unauthorized water connections and other losses and wastes. These losses should be taken under consideration while estimating the entire requirements.

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What do Structural Engineers? Work of structural engineers?

 Work of structural engineers?

Work of structural engineers?

Have you ever stop wondering at the large sort of buildings and structure all around us?
Why we just assume that houses will stay awake and bridges won't subside .

The answer are often found within the work of a structural engineer. Structural engineers design, create, solve issues, innovate by use of maths and science to make the world . The structures they build; from homes, theaters, sports stadiums and hospitals, to bridges, oil rigs and space satellites are utilized by all folks every day . As a highly trained professionals they work with architects and surveyors to make sure that whatever they're building can sustain the hundreds and stresses it'll need to bear.

The challenge they face are diverse and need creativity and problem solving skills. That's why Structure engineers are public designers and solver too.

They are specialist to account for extreme conditions like heavy snows, coastal storms, earthquakes. The seismic structural engineers meet the challenge of the  construction within  earthquake zones or areas.

They are those that specialise in disaster relief, helping to re-build shattered communities and restore normal life.

They are engineers who concentrate on renovating the old buildings for continued use while preserving heritage in meeting the fashionable standards.

They are forensic experts when investigate the explanations why some structure fails.

Today structure engineers also face the difficulty of global climate change which can make structure got to enjoy tougher environment over time.

Sustainability is an increasing important goal. New regulations require materials and construction techniques to make green buildings that are still strong and secure.

Structural engineers are liable for a number of most innovative concepts, projects and styles . They are developing new technologies and techniques to make extra ordinary structures that are quite literally changing the planet .

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Corona virus

Corona virus 

Corona virus 

                                        Watch Now

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Things to Know About Computer Network Engineering

Computer network engineering seems like a straightforward enough profession. However, it is also different than many other fields in the computer sciences. There are always some things that might take potential students by surprise if they are not prepared for them.

                         Computer network engineering

The field of computer science is a straightforward enough profession. Though it is constantly changing, students of computer network engineering degree programs are prepared for these changes and often revel in them. This is an exciting profession within the field of computer science and one that is more important now than it has ever been before as networking evolves and spreads across a variety of platforms. Despite this students are still surprised when they learn everything that this particular field entails. Here are a few things you need to know before you start in this profession.

-It is a lot more self-managing than other computer science related fields. Computer network engineering professionals are required to manage their time wisely, especially as they must handle errors in the network and often from throughout the company that they are working for in addition to handling updates, maintenance, and other issues that they have scheduled to be dealt with.

-There is no set solution for dealing with a problem. Although a computer network engineering degree program may prepare students for the issues they may encounter, and give them a variety of choices in dealing with it, how the issue is actually handled on the job is often up to the discretion of the engineers themselves and may depend on a wide variety of factors. Because of this computer network engineers must be particularly open-minded.

-The group dynamic for computer network engineers is unlike most others you may encounter. This is because there is often little to no hierarchy among computer network engineers. Although typical levels of employment exist, such as customer service and management, the skills of most professionals are incredibly similar and, therefore, handling issues in this field is much more of a team effort than in many others.

-Computer network engineers come from a variety of demographics, education levels, and backgrounds. There is much stereotyping in this field, and it is generally assumed that all individuals in the field come from similar computer network engineering degree programs. This isn’t always the case, especially with those who have large amounts of experience but who have only received the most basic of certifications to work with computers.

The most important thing to remember, though, is that computer network engineering isn’t something that should just be entered into because it is a booming market or because jobs are in high demand. The best professionals, as with any field, are those who have a passion for computer network engineering and who truly enjoy what they do.

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Non Destructive Tests For Concrete Strength

Introduction

Non Destructive Tests For Concrete Strength

Concrete Strength testing is always a requirement in the field of concrete construction. Usually, when concrete batch arrives, two or three cylinders or cubes are cast so that quality control is maintained.

Question arises however when you need to find the concrete strength of already built structures than what are the options? Of course, you can cut core and test that in lab but this method involve destruction of concrete. This article is written on nondestructive tests which are used to get idea about current concrete state without destruction  Nondestructive tests provide a reproducible measure of the quality of concrete in a structure without destruction to concrete

Non Destructive Tests On Concrete

Non-destructive tests provide a reproducible measure of the quality of concrete in a structure without destruction to concrete. Many such tests have been proposed, but they all still lead to difficulties in interpretation of the results.
A highly reliable in situ test to monitor concrete quality remains an elusive goal but for time being they can be used only as a quality control measure

•  These tests can help determine the time for form removal
•  These tests can help in the assessment of the soundness of the concrete in existing structures (e.g., after a structure has been damaged by fire)

These tests do not measure concrete strength; rather, they attempt to provide an estimate of the concrete strength through correlation with some other property. There are many non-destructive techniques but only three are discussed here which are most common.

1)  Schmidt rebound hammer

The most common or best  non destructive test is  rebound test, using a Schmidt rebound hammer.
The test measures the rebound of a hardened steel hammer impacted on the concrete by a spring (ASTM C 805).

In this method, a grid is made for results uniformity as shown in the picture below and average readings are calibrated using graphs.


Empirical correlations between rebound hardness and strength can be obtained. However results are impacted by:

• Surface finish of the concrete being tested
• Moisture content of the concrete
• Temperature
• Rigidity of the member
• Carbonation
• Direction of impact

2) Penetration Resistance Test

This type of test involves measurement of the resistance of concrete to penetration by a steel probe (Windsor probe) driven by a given amount of energy, as described in ASTM C 803.
It consists of a powder-activated driving unit that “fires” a probe into the concrete; the depth of penetration (or operationally, the exposed probe length) is measured, and this can be correlated with strength.

  3) Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

The pulse velocity, V, of compressional waves in a concrete body may be related to the elastic properties by the ASTM C 597)

Mechanical impulses applied to a material generate three types of waves:

• Longitudinal (compressional)
• Shear (transverse)
• Surface (Rayleigh)

The longitudinal waves are the fastest, and they are the ones that are most useful for testing purposes. The pulse velocity is affected by a number of factors:

• Contact surface smoothness
• Path length
• Temperature
• Moisture content
• Reinforcing steel
• Concrete strength

In this method sample is put between nodes (before application of gel so that there is no waves loss). Reading is noted and strenght is corelated using given equations (usually given with machine manufacture

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Mix Design Concrete Thumb Rules Engineer Should Know

Concrete Mix design is complete science and it is based on a lot of research. Popular Mix Design method is highlighted in the  ACI 2011 of committee report. It is a systematic approach in which user starts with defined slump and strength and some other parameters. End result gives quantities of different constituents.

Mix Design Concrete Thumb Rules Engineer Should Know

Performance-based methods are also available in which engineer based on his experience selects initial proportions and modifies as needed. Both systematic and performance-based methods have certain advantages and disadvantages which will be covered in later posts.
Though the mix design is the comprehensive processes still it is of  very useful for the engineer to know certain mix design concrete thumbs rules which will make his life easier. Here is the list

Mix design gives concrete constituents which include coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement and water.

By adding the 1 litre of water in one cubic meter of concrete mix

Increase slump of about 25 mm is expected.
It will decrease the  compressive strength of about 1.5 to 2.0 N/mm2
Increase the shrinkage potential of about 10%
Waste as much as ¼ bag of the  cement

Effect of increasing the concrete mix temperature by 1 celsius

About 4 liters of water per cubic meter maintains the equal slump
Air content decreases about the 1%
Compressive strength decreases about from 1.0 to 1.5 N/mm2

Effect of air content on concrete mix 

If the air content increases 1%, it will result in the compressive strength decrease about 5%
If air content decreases by 1%, then it will the cause yield to decrease about the 0.03 cubic meter per 1 cubic meter of concrete mix.
If air content decreases 1%, then slump ofdecrease about 12.5 mm
If air content decreases 1%, it will result in the durability decreases of about 10%.

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